Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1991 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

43 papers of 4,574Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2026
    Randomized neural network with adaptive forward regularization for online task-free class incremental learningJunda Wang, Minghui Hu, Ning Li … Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam SuganthanNeural Networks · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Nanyang Technological University · +1
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  2. 2026
    Key-Value Pair-Free Continual Learner via Task-Specific Prompt-PrototypeHaihua Luo, Xuming Ran, Zhengji Li … Fengyu CongNeural Networks · University of Jyväskylä · National University of Singapore · +3
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  3. 2026
    Dual prototypes for adaptive pre-trained model in class-incremental learningZhiming Xu, Zhiming Xu, Suorong Yang … Jian ZhaoNeural Networks · Nanjing University · Nanjing University of Science and Technology
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  4. 2025
    Context selectivity with dynamic availability enables lifelong continual learningMartin Barry, Wulfram Gerstner, Guillaume BellecNeural Networks · École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
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  5. 2025
    PKI: Prior knowledge-infused neural network for few-shot class-incremental learningKexin Bao, Fanzhao Lin, Zichen Wang … Shiming GeNeural Networks · Institute of Information Engineering · NARI Group (China) · +2
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  6. 2025
    Flashbacks to Harmonize Stability and Plasticity in Continual LearningLeila Mahmoodi, Peyman Moghadam, Munawar Hayat … Mehrtash HarandiNeural Networks · Monash University · Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation · +3
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  7. 2026
    Generative Binary Memory: Pseudo-Replay Class-Incremental Learning on Binarized EmbeddingsYanis Basso-Bert, Anca Molnos, Romain Lemaire … Antoine DupretNeural Networks
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  8. 2025
    PVBF: A Framework for Mitigating Parameter Variation Imbalance in Online Continual LearningTao, Zelin, Hao Deng, Mingqing Liu … Shengjie ZhaoNeural Networks
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  9. 2025
    Enhancing Consistency and Mitigating Bias: A Data Replay Approach for Incremental LearningChenyang Wang, Junjun Jiang, Xingyu Hu … Xiangyang JiNeural Networks · Harbin Institute of Technology · Tsinghua University
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  10. 2025
    Similarity-based context aware continual learning for spiking neural networksBing Han, Feifei Zhao, Yang Li … Yi ZengNeural Networks · Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology · Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence · +3
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  11. 2025
    Improving Forward Compatibility in Class Incremental Learning by Increasing Representation Rank and Feature RichnessJaeill Kim, W. C. Lee, Moonjung Eo, Wonjong RheeNeural Networks · CHA University Bundang Medical Center · Seoul National University · +1
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  12. 2025
    Continual Learning in the Presence of RepetitionHamed Hemati, Lorenzo Pellegrini, X.W. Duan … Gido M. van de VenNeural Networks · University of St.Gallen · University of Applied Sciences St. Gallen · +10
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  13. 2025PDF ↗
  14. 2025
    Continual Learning of Conjugated Visual Representations through Higher-order Motion FlowsSimone Marullo, Matteo Tiezzi, Marco Gori, Stefano MelacciNeural Networks
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  15. 2025
    HyperMask: Adaptive Hypernetwork-based Masks for Continual LearningKamil Książek, Przemysław SpurekNeural Networks
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  16. 2023
    Subspace Distillation for Continual LearningKaushik Roy, Christian Simon, Peyman Moghadam, Mehrtash HarandiNeural Networks
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  17. 2023
    Continual Learning with Invertible Generative ModelsJary Pomponi, Simone Scardapane, Aurelio UnciniNeural Networks · Sapienza University of Rome
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  18. 2023
    Lifelong learning on evolving graphs under the constraints of imbalanced classes and new classesLukas Galke, Iacopo Vagliano, Benedikt Franke … Ansgar ScherpNeural Networks · Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics · Amsterdam University Medical Centers · +3
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  19. 2023
    Growing dendrites enhance a neuron's computational power and memory capacityWilliam B. Levy, Robert A. BaxterNeural Networks · University of Virginia · Baxter (United States)
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  20. 2024
    A Survey on Few-Shot Class-Incremental LearningSongsong Tian, Lusi Li, Weijun Li … Prayag TiwariNeural Networks
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  21. 2023
    Emphasizing Unseen Words: New Vocabulary Acquisition for End-to-End Speech RecognitionLeyuan Qu, Cornelius Weber, Stefan WermterNeural Networks · Universität Hamburg · Zhejiang Lab · +2
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  22. 2023
    SuperFormer: Continual learning superposition method for text classificationMarko Zeman, Jana Faganeli Pucer, Igor Kononenko, Zoran BosnićNeural Networks · University of Ljubljana
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  23. 2020
    A Wholistic View of Continual Learning with Deep Neural Networks: Forgotten Lessons and the Bridge to Active and Open World LearningMartin Mundt, Yongwon Hong, Iuliia Pliushch, Visvanathan RameshNeural Networks · Goethe University Frankfurt · Technische Universität Darmstadt · +1
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  24. 2023
    A Domain-Agnostic Approach for Characterization of Lifelong Learning SystemsMegan M. Baker, Alexander New, Mario Aguilar-Simon … Gautam K. VallabhaNeural Networks · Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory · Teledyne Technologies (United States) · +13
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  25. 2023
    CLAD: A realistic Continual Learning benchmark for Autonomous DrivingEli Verwimp, Kuo Yang, Sarah Parisot … Tinne TuytelaarsNeural Networks
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  26. 2022
    TaskDrop: A Competitive Baseline for Continual Learning of Sentiment ClassificationJian-Ping Mei, Yilun Zhen, Qianwei Zhou, Rui YanNeural Networks · Zhejiang University of Science and Technology · Zhejiang University of Technology
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  27. 2022
    Continuous learning of spiking networks trained with local rulesDmitry Antonov, Kirill Sviatov, Sergey SukhovNeural Networks · Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences · Ulyanovsk State Technical University
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  28. 2022
    Online Lifelong Generalized Zero-Shot LearningChandan Gautam, Sethupathy Parameswaran, Ashish Mishra, Suresh SundaramNeural Networks · Agency for Science, Technology and Research · Institute for Infocomm Research · +2
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  29. 2023
    Continual Object Detection: A review of definitions, strategies, and challengesAngelo Garangau Menezes, Gustavo de Moura, Cézanne Alves, André C. P. L. F. de CarvalhoNeural Networks
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  30. 2024
    Continual Pre-Training Mitigates Forgetting in Language and VisionAndrea Cossu, Tinne Tuytelaars, Antonio Carta … Davide BacciuNeural Networks
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  31. 2023
    Generative Negative Replay for Continual LearningGabriele Graffieti, Davide Maltoni, Lorenzo Pellegrini, Vincenzo LomonacoNeural Networks
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  32. 2022
    Lifelong 3D Object Recognition and Grasp Synthesis Using Dual Memory Recurrent Self-Organization NetworksKrishnakumar Santhakumar, Hamidreza KasaeiNeural Networks · University of Groningen
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  33. 2022
    Deep Bayesian Unsupervised Lifelong LearningTingting Zhao, Zifeng Wang, Aria Masoomi, Jennifer DyNeural Networks · Bryant University · Bryan College · +1
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  34. 2021
    Structured Ensembles: an Approach to Reduce the Memory Footprint of Ensemble MethodsJary Pomponi, Simone Scardapane, Aurelio UnciniNeural Networks · Sapienza University of Rome
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  35. 2021
    Schematic Memory Persistence and Transience for Efficient and Robust Continual LearningYuyang Gao, Giorgio A. Ascoli, Liang ZhaoNeural Networks · Emory University · George Mason University · +2
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  36. 2021
    Continual Learning for Recurrent Neural Networks: an Empirical EvaluationAndrea Cossu, Antonio Carta, Vincenzo Lomonaco, Davide BacciuNeural Networks · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore · +1
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  37. 2022
    Using top-down modulation to optimally balance shared versus separated task representationsPieter Verbeke, Tom VergutsNeural Networks · Ghent University Hospital
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  38. 2021
    A Comprehensive Study of Class Incremental Learning Algorithms for Visual TasksEden Belouadah, Adrian Popescu, Ioannis KanellosNeural Networks · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · +2
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  39. 2019
    Uncertainty-based modulation for lifelong learningAndrew Brna, Ryan C. Brown, Patrick Connolly … Mario Aguilar-SimonNeural Networks · Triangle · Teledyne Technologies (United States)
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  40. 2020
    Tree-CNN: A hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Network for incremental learningDeboleena Roy, Priyadarshini Panda, Kaushik RoyNeural Networks · Purdue University West Lafayette
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  41. 2019
    Continuous Learning in Single-Incremental-Task ScenariosDavide Maltoni, Vincenzo LomonacoNeural Networks · University of Bologna
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  42. 2018
    Born to Learn: the Inspiration, Progress, and Future of Evolved Plastic Artificial Neural NetworksAndrea Soltoggio, Kenneth O. Stanley, Sebastian RisiNeural Networks · Loughborough University · University of Central Florida · +1
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  43. 2019
    Continual Lifelong Learning with Neural Networks: A ReviewG. I. Parisi, Ronald Kemker, Jose L. Part … Stefan WermterNeural Networks
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About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. It lists only papers we have a reason to trust: published at a venue like NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, CVPR or TPAMI, or led by someone who has published there, or cited a few hundred times, and only papers with a PDF we can point you at, so every title opens the paper itself. Preprints that later get accepted, and authors who later publish at those venues, are picked up by the weekly run. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.