Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1991 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

36 papers of 4,574Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2026
    Dynamic nested hierarchies: self-evolving machine learning architectures for lifelong learningAkbar Anbar Jafari, Cagri Ozcinar, Gholamreza AnbarjafariFrontiers · University of Tartu · Estonian Business School
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  2. 2025
    Learning After Model DeploymentDerda Kaymak, Gyuhak Kim, Tomoya Kaichi … Bing LiuFrontiers · University of Illinois Chicago · Accenture (United States) · +1
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  3. 2025
    Multi-Modal Continual Learning via Cross-Modality Adapters and Representation Alignment with Knowledge PreservationEvelyn Chee, Wynne Hsu, Mong Li LeeFrontiers · National University of Singapore
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  4. 2025
    Autonomous retrieval for continuous learning in associative memory networksPaul Saighi, M. J. RozenbergFrontiers · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · +4
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  5. 2024
    Reset It and Forget It: Relearning Last-Layer Weights Improves Continual and Transfer LearningL. Frati, Neil Traft, Jeff Clune, Nick CheneyFrontiers · University of Vermont · Canadian Institute for Advanced Research · +2
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  6. 2024
    Informed Spectral Normalized Gaussian Processes for Trajectory PredictionChristian Schlauch, Christian Wirth, Nadja KleinFrontiers · Continental (Germany) · Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin · +2
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  7. 2024
    Natural Mitigation of Catastrophic Interference: Continual Learning in Power-Law Learning EnvironmentsAtith Gandhi, Raj Sanjay Shah, Vijay Marupudi, Sashank VarmaFrontiers · Georgia Institute of Technology
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  8. 2024
    Expandable-RCNN: toward high-efficiency incremental few-shot object detectionYiting Li, Sichao Tian, Haiyue Zhu … Prahlad VadakkepatFrontiers · National University of Singapore · Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College · +3
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  9. 2023
    Offline Experience Replay for Continual Offline Reinforcement LearningSibo Gai, Donglin Wang, Li HeFrontiers · Fudan University · Westlake University
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  10. 2023
    Map-based experience replay: a memory-efficient solution to catastrophic forgetting in reinforcement learningMuhammad Burhan Hafez, Tilman Immisch, Tom Weber, Stefan WermterFrontiers · Universität Hamburg · Hamburg University of Technology
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  11. 2023
    On-device synaptic memory consolidation using Fowler-Nordheim quantum-tunnelingMustafizur Rahman, Subhankar Bose, Shantanu ChakrabarttyFrontiers · Washington University in St. Louis
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  12. 2022
    Bayesian continual learning via spiking neural networksNicolas Skatchkovsky, Hyeryung Jang, Osvaldo SimeoneFrontiers · King's College London · Dongguk University
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  13. 2022
    Brain-inspired Predictive Coding Improves the Performance of Machine Challenging TasksJangho Lee, Jeonghee Jo, Byoung-Hwa Lee … Sungroh YoonFrontiers · Seoul National University · Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute · +1
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  14. 2022
    Self-organized Learning from Synthetic and Real-World Data for a Humanoid Exercise RobotNicolas Duczek, Matthias Kerzel, Philipp Allgeuer, Stefan WermterFrontiers · Universität Hamburg
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  15. 2022
    A neuro-inspired computational model of life-long learning and catastrophic interference, mimicking hippocampus novelty-based dopamine modulation and lateral inhibitory plasticityPierangelo Afferni, Federico Cascino-Milani, Andrea Mattera, Gianluca BaldassarreFrontiers · Università Campus Bio-Medico · University of Würzburg · +2
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  16. 2022
    Avoiding Catastrophe: Active Dendrites Enable Multi-Task Learning in Dynamic EnvironmentsAbhiram Iyer, Karan Grewal, Akash Velu … Subutai AhmadFrontiers · Carnegie Mellon University · Stanford University · +1
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  17. 2022
    What Is Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Good for?Gerd KempermannFrontiers · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden · +1
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  18. 2022
    Is Class-Incremental Enough for Continual Learning?Andrea Cossu, Gabriele Graffieti, Lorenzo Pellegrini … Vincenzo LomonacoFrontiers · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore · +1
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  19. 2022
    Mind Your Manners! A Dataset and a Continual Learning Approach for Assessing Social Appropriateness of Robot ActionsJonas Tjomsland, Sinan Kalkan, Hatice GüneşFrontiers · University of Cambridge · Middle East Technical University
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  20. 2022
    Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Graph Networks: A Graph Classification BenchmarkAntonio Carta, Andrea Cossu, Federico Errica, Davide BacciuFrontiers · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore
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  21. 2021
    A Brain-Inspired Homeostatic Neuron Based on Phase-Change Memories for Efficient Neuromorphic ComputingIrene Muñoz-Martín, S. Bianchi, Shahin Hashemkhani … Daniele IelminiFrontiers · Politecnico di Milano
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  22. 2021
    Learning Then, Learning Now, and Every Second in Between: Lifelong Learning With a Simulated Humanoid RobotAleksej Logacjov, Matthias Kerzel, Stefan WermterFrontiers · Universität Hamburg
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  23. 2021
    Lifelong Personalization via Gaussian Process Modeling for Long-Term HRISamuel Spaulding, Jocelyn Shen, Hae Won Park, Cynthia BreazealFrontiers · Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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  24. 2020
    Detecting Changes and Avoiding Catastrophic Forgetting in Dynamic Partially Observable EnvironmentsJeffery Dick, Paweł Ładosz, Eseoghene Ben-Iwhiwhu … Andrea SoltoggioFrontiers · Loughborough University · Teikyo University · +1
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  25. 2020
    Exploring Neuromodulation for Dynamic LearningAnurag Daram, Ángel Yanguas-Gil, Dhireesha KudithipudiFrontiers · The University of Texas at San Antonio · Argonne National Laboratory
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  26. 2020
    Emergence of Stable Synaptic Clusters on Dendrites Through Synaptic RewiringThomas Limbacher, Robert LegensteinFrontiers · Graz University of Technology
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  27. 2020PDF ↗
  28. 2020
    Bio-Inspired Techniques in a Fully Digital Approach for Lifelong LearningS. Bianchi, Irene Muñoz-Martín, Daniele IelminiFrontiers · Politecnico di Milano
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  29. 2020
    Self-Net: Lifelong Learning via Continual Self-ModelingJaya Krishna Mandivarapu, Blake Camp, Rolando EstradaFrontiers · Georgia State University
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  30. 2020PDF ↗
  31. 2020
    Learning to Continually LearnBeaulieu Shawn, Frati Lapo, Miconi Thomas … Cheney NickFrontiers
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  32. 2019
    A Spike Time-Dependent Online Learning Algorithm Derived From Biological OlfactionAyon Borthakur, Thomas A. ClelandFrontiers · Cornell University
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  33. 2018
    Lifelong Learning of Spatiotemporal Representations With Dual-Memory Recurrent Self-OrganizationGerman I. Parisi, Jun Tani, Cornelius Weber, Stefan WermterFrontiers · Universität Hamburg · Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
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  34. 2013
    The stability-plasticity dilemma: investigating the continuum from catastrophic forgetting to age-limited learning effectsMartial Mermillod, Aurélia Bugaïska, Patrick BoninFrontiers · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Universitaire de France · +3
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  35. 2013
    Sleep-Dependent Synaptic Down-Selection (II): Single-Neuron Level Benefits for Matching, Selectivity, and SpecificityAtif Hashmi, Andrew Nere, Giulio TononiFrontiers · University of Wisconsin–Madison
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  36. 2013
    Incremental learning of skill collections based on intrinsic motivationJan Hendrik Metzen, Frank KirchnerFrontiers · University of Bremen · German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence
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About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. It lists only papers we have a reason to trust: published at a venue like NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, CVPR or TPAMI, or led by someone who has published there, or cited a few hundred times, and only papers with a PDF we can point you at, so every title opens the paper itself. Preprints that later get accepted, and authors who later publish at those venues, are picked up by the weekly run. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.