Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1991 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

960 papers of 4,574 · showing 801–850Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2025
    Spurious Forgetting in Continual Learning of Language ModelsJunhao Zheng, Cai, Xidi, Shengjie Qiu, Qianli MaICLR
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  2. 2025PDF ↗
  3. 2025
    Towards Robust Incremental Learning under Ambiguous SupervisionRui Wang, Mingxuan Xia, Chang Yao … Haobo WangIJCAI
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  4. 2025
    SD-LoRA: Scalable Decoupled Low-Rank Adaptation for Class Incremental LearningYichen Wu, Hongming Piao, Long-Kai Huang … Ying WeiICLR
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  5. 2025
    Investigating the intrinsic top-down dynamics of deep generative modelsLorenzo Tausani, Alberto Testolin, Marco ZorziScientific Reports · University of Padua · IRCCS San Camillo Hospital
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  6. 2025PDF ↗
  7. 2025
    Control LLM: Controlled Evolution for Intelligence Retention in LLMWei, Haichao, Ren, Yunxiang, Zhuang Fu … XU YaarXiv
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  8. 2025
    CLOFAI: A Dataset of Real And Fake Image Classification Tasks for Continual LearningWilliam O.S. Doherty, Anton Lee, Heitor Murilo GomesarXiv
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  9. 2025
    Resource-Constrained Federated Continual Learning: What Does Matter?Yi-Chen Li, Yuying Wang, Jia-Hua Dong … Ruixuan LiNeurIPS
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  10. 2025PDF ↗
  11. 2025
    Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning for Classification and Object Detection: A SurveyJinghua Zhang, Li Liu, Olli Sílven … Dewen HuTPAMI · National University of Defense Technology · University of Oulu
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  12. 2025
    Contrastive Augmented Graph2Graph Memory Interaction for Few Shot Continual LearningBiqing Qi, Junqi Gao, Xinquan Chen … Bowen ZhouIEEE TCSVT · Tsinghua University · Harbin Institute of Technology
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  13. 2025PDF ↗
  14. 2025
    HPCR: Holistic Proxy-Based Contrastive Replay for Online Continual LearningHuiwei Lin, Shanshan Feng, Baoquan Zhang … Yunming YeTNNLS · Harbin Institute of Technology · Agency for Science, Technology and Research · +1
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  15. 2025PDF ↗
  16. 2025
    Research on the Online Update Method for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Model with Incremental LearningYuxin Fan, Yuxiang Wang, Lipeng Liu … Zidong YuInternational Conference on Neural Networks, Information… · University of Toronto · Stevens Institute of Technology · +3
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  17. 2025
    STHFL: Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneous Federated LearningShunxin Guo, Hongsong Wang, Shuxia Lin … Xin GengarXiv
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  18. 2025
    Online Continual Learning: A Systematic Literature Review of Approaches, Challenges, and BenchmarksSeyed Amir Bidaki, Amir Mohammadkhah, Kiyan Rezaee … Mohammad M. GhassemiarXiv
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  19. 2025
    Soup to go: mitigating forgetting during continual learning with model averagingAnat Kleiman, Gintare Karolina Dziugaite, Jonathan Frankle … Mansheej PaularXiv
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  20. 2025PDF ↗
  21. 2025
    Supervised Learning with Evolving Tasks and Performance GuaranteesVerónica Álvarez, Santiago Mazuelas, José A. LozanoJMLR
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  22. 2025
    Asynchronous Hebbian/anti-Hebbian networksHenrique Aguiar, Matthias H. HennigarXiv
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  23. 2025
    Prompt Customization for Continual LearningYong Dai, Xiaopeng Hong, Yabin Wang … Yaowei WangIEEE TAI · Shenzhen Polytechnic University · Peng Cheng Laboratory · +6
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  24. 2025PDF ↗
  25. 2025
    An Empirical Study of Catastrophic Forgetting in Large Language Models During Continual Fine-TuningYun Luo, Zhen Yang, Fandong Meng … Yue ZhangIEEE Transactions · Westlake University · Tencent (China)
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  26. 2025
    Mitigating Forgetting in LLM Fine-Tuning via Low-Perplexity Token LearningChao-Chung Wu, Zhi Rui Tam, Chieh-Yen Lin … Hung-yi LeeNeurIPS · Court of Appeal · National Taiwan University of Science and Technology · +2
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  27. 2025
    MuseumMaker: Continual Style Customization Without Catastrophic ForgettingChanglan Liu, Gan Sun, Wenqi Liang … Yang CongTIP · Shenyang Institute of Automation · Chinese Academy of Sciences · +3
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  28. 2025
    Prototype Conditioned Generative Replay for Continual Learning in NLPXi Chen, Min Zeng2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of… · Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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  29. 2025
    Continual Learning of Large Language ModelsTongtong Wu, Thuy-Trang Vu, Linhao Luo, Gholamreza HaffariEMNLP
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  30. 2025
    MINGLE: Mixture of Null-Space Gated Low-Rank Experts for Test-Time Continual Model MergingZihuan Qiu, Yidong Xu, Chiyuan He … Hongliang LiNeurIPS · University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · Amazon (Germany) · +1
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  31. 2025PDF ↗
  32. 2025
    Gated Integration of Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learning of Large Language ModelsYan-Shuo Liang, Chen Jia-rui, Wu-Jun LiNeurIPS · Nanjing University
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  33. 2025
    Multi-Stage LLM Fine-Tuning with a Continual Learning SettingChanghao Guan, Chao Huang, Hongliang Li … Jian LiuNAACL · Beijing Jiaotong University · University of Science and Technology Beijing
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  34. 2025
    Conditions for Catastrophic Forgetting in Multilingual TranslationDanni Liu, Jan NiehuesWorkshop on Multilingual Representation Learning (MRL 2025)
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  35. 2025
    Class-wise Balancing Data Replay for Federated Class-Incremental LearningZhuang Qi, Ying-Peng Tang, Lei Meng … Xiangxu MengNeurIPS · Shandong University · Nanyang Technological University · +1
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  36. 2025
    An Efficient Rehearsal Scheme for Catastrophic Forgetting Mitigation during Multi-stage Fine-tuningAndrew Bai, Chih-Kuan Yeh, Cho‐Jui Hsieh, A B TalyNAACL · University of California, Los Angeles · Google (United States)
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  37. 2025
    Don't drift away: Advances and Applications of Streaming and Continual LearningAndrea Cossu, Davide Bacciu, Alessio Bernardo … Giacomo ZifferESANN 2025 proceesdings · University of Pisa · Politecnico di Milano · +3
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  38. 2025
    Analogical Augmentation and Significance Analysis for Online Task-Free Continual LearningSonglin Dong, Yingjie Chen, Yuhang He … Yihong GongIEEE Trans. Multimedia · Xi'an Jiaotong University · Nanyang Technological University
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  39. 2025
    Efficient and Robust Continual Graph Learning for Graph Classification in BiologyDing Zhang, Jane Downer, Can Chen, Ren WangIEEE Transactions · Northwestern University · Illinois Institute of Technology · +1
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  40. 2025
    Branch-Tuning: Balancing Stability and Plasticity for Continual Self-Supervised LearningWenzhuo Liu, Fei Zhu, Cheng‐Lin LiuTNNLS · Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · +1
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  41. 2025
    RECALL: REpresentation-aligned Catastrophic-forgetting ALLeviation via Hierarchical Model MergingBowen Wang, Haiyuan Wan, Liwen Shi … Sheng ZhangEMNLP · University Town of Shenzhen · Tsinghua–Berkeley Shenzhen Institute · +6
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  42. 2025
    A3-TTA: Adaptive Anchor Alignment Test-Time Adaptation for Image SegmentationJianghao Wu, Xiangde Luo, Yubo Zhou … Shaoting ZhangTIP · University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · +1
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  43. 2025
    Distribution-Level Memory Recall for Continual Learning: Preserving Knowledge and Avoiding ConfusionShaoxu Cheng, Kanglei Geng, Chiyuan He … Hongliang LiIEEE Trans. Multimedia · University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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  44. 2025
    REP: Resource-Efficient Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual LearningSungho Jeon, Xinyue Ma, Kwang In Kim, Myeongjae JeonNeurIPS · Pohang University of Science and Technology · Korea Post · +1
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  45. 2025
    Unveiling and Addressing Pseudo Forgetting in Large Language ModelsHuashan Sun, Yizhe Yang, Yinghao Li … Yang GaoACL · Beijing Institute of Technology
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  46. 2025
    C$^2$Prompt: Class-aware Client Knowledge Interaction for Federated Continual LearningKunlun Xu, Yibo Feng, Jiangmeng Li … Jiahuan ZhouNeurIPS · Peking University · University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · +3
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  47. 2025
    Exploiting Task Relationships in Continual Learning via Transferability-Aware Task EmbeddingsYanru Wu, Jianning Wang, Xiangyu Chen … Yang LiNeurIPS · Tsinghua University · Harbin Institute of Technology · +3
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  48. 2025
    Interleaved Multitask Learning with Energy Modulated Learning ProgressHanne Say, Suzan Ece Ada, Emre Uğur … Erhan ÖztoparXiv · Üsküdar University · Özyeğin University · +2
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  49. 2025
    Aggregated f-average Neural Network applied to Few-Shot Class Incremental LearningMathieu Vu, Émilie Chouzenoux, Ismail Ben Ayed, Jean‐Christophe PesquetSignal Processing · Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot · École de Technologie Supérieure
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  50. 2025
    Coherence-based Sample Selection for Class-incremental LearningAndrea Daou, Jean‐Baptiste Pothin, Paul Honeiné, Abdelaziz BensrhairESANN 2025 proceesdings · Laboratoire d'Informatique, du Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes · DATA4 (France) · +4
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About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. It lists only papers we have a reason to trust: published at a venue like NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, CVPR or TPAMI, or led by someone who has published there, or cited a few hundred times, and only papers with a PDF we can point you at, so every title opens the paper itself. Preprints that later get accepted, and authors who later publish at those venues, are picked up by the weekly run. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.