Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1991 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

40 papers of 4,574Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2026
    Lifelong Learner: Discovering Versatile Neural Solvers for Vehicle Routing ProblemsShaodi Feng, Zhuoyi Lin, Jianan Zhou … Yew-Soon OngIEEE T-ITS · National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University · Agency for Science, Technology and Research · +2
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  2. 2026
    Randomized neural network with adaptive forward regularization for online task-free class incremental learningJunda Wang, Minghui Hu, Ning Li … Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam SuganthanNeural Networks · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Nanyang Technological University · +1
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  3. 2026
    LifelongPR: Lifelong Point Cloud Place Recognition Based on Sample Replay and Prompt LearningXianghong Zou, Jianping Li, Zhe Chen … Bisheng YangIEEE T-ITS · Nanchang University · Nanyang Technological University
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  4. 2026
    FOCUS: Frequency-Optimized Conditioning of diffUSion models for mitigating catastrophic forgetting during test-time adaptationGabriel Tjio, Jie Zhang, Xulei Yang … Qing GuoMachine Vision and Applications · Agency for Science, Technology and Research · Nanyang Technological University · +4
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  5. 2026
    Incremental Online Learning of Randomized Neural Network With Forward RegularizationJunda Wang, Minghui Hu, Ning Li … Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam SuganthanTPAMI · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Nanyang Technological University · +1
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  6. 2025
    Analytic Continual Test-Time Adaptation for Multi-Modality CorruptionYufei Zhang, Yicheng Xu, Hongxin Wei … Huiping ZhuangACM International Conference on Multimedia · South China University of Technology · Institute of Science Tokyo · +2
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  7. 2023
    Task-Distributionally Robust Data-Free Meta-LearningZixuan Hu, Yongxian Wei, Li Shen … Dacheng TaoTPAMI · Nanyang Technological University · Tsinghua–Berkeley Shenzhen Institute · +6
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  8. 2025
    Controllable Relation Disentanglement for Few-Shot Class-Incremental LearningYuan Zhou, Richang Hong, Yanrong Guo … Hanwang ZhangIEEE TCSVT · Nanyang Technological University · Hefei University of Technology · +1
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  9. 2025
    SacFL: Self-Adaptive Federated Continual Learning for Resource-Constrained End DevicesZhengyi Zhong, Weidong Bao, Ji Wang … Wei Yang Bryan LimTNNLS · National University of Defense Technology · Sun Yat-sen University · +2
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  10. 2025
    Uncertainty-Calibrated Test-Time Model Adaptation Without ForgettingMingkui Tan, Guohao Chen, Jiaxiang Wu … Shuaicheng NiuTPAMI · South China University of Technology · National University of Singapore · +2
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  11. 2022
    Unveiling the Tapestry: The Interplay of Generalization and Forgetting in Continual LearningZenglin Shi, Jie Jing, Ying Sun … Mengmi ZhangTNNLS · Nanyang Technological University · Agency for Science, Technology and Research
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  12. 2025
    Learning Without Forgetting for Vision-Language ModelsDa-Wei Zhou, Yuanhan Zhang, Yan Wang … Ziwei LiuTPAMI · Nanjing University · Nanyang Technological University
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  13. 2025
    Class-wise Balancing Data Replay for Federated Class-Incremental LearningZhuang Qi, Ying-Peng Tang, Lei Meng … Xiangxu MengNeurIPS · Shandong University · Nanyang Technological University · +1
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  14. 2025
    Analogical Augmentation and Significance Analysis for Online Task-Free Continual LearningSonglin Dong, Yingjie Chen, Yuhang He … Yihong GongIEEE Trans. Multimedia · Xi'an Jiaotong University · Nanyang Technological University
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  15. 2024
    CEAT: Continual Expansion and Absorption Transformer for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental LearningSonglin Dong, Xinyuan Gao, Yuhang He … Yihong GongIEEE TCSVT · Xi'an Jiaotong University · Nanyang Technological University
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  16. 2024
    Open World Object Detection: A SurveyYiming Li, Yi Wang, Wenqian Wang … Kim–Hui YapIEEE TCSVT · Nanyang Technological University · Hong Kong Polytechnic University · +2
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  17. 2024
    Continual Learning From a Stream of APIsEnneng Yang, Zhenyi Wang, Li Shen … Dacheng TaoTPAMI · Northeastern University · University of Maryland, College Park · +4
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  18. 2025
    Revisiting Class-Incremental Learning with Pre-Trained Models: Generalizability and Adaptivity are All You NeedDa-Wei Zhou, Zi-Wen Cai, Han-Jia Ye … Ziwei LiuIJCV · Nanjing University · Nanyang Technological University
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  19. 2024
    Class-Incremental Learning: A SurveyDa-Wei Zhou, Qiwei Wang, Zhihong Qi … Ziwei LiuTPAMI · Nanyang Technological University · Nanjing University
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  20. 2024
    DS-AL: A Dual-Stream Analytic Learning for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental LearningHuiping Zhuang, Run He, Kai Tong … Zhiping LinAAAI · South China University of Technology · Nanyang Technological University
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  21. 2024
    ECIL-MU: Embedding Based Class Incremental Learning and Machine UnlearningZhiwei Zuo, Zhuo Tang, Bin Wang … Anwitaman DattaICASSP · Hunan University · Nanyang Technological University
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  22. 2024
    Federated Continual Learning via Knowledge Fusion: A SurveyXin Yang, Hao Yu, Xin Gao … Tianrui LiTKDE · Southwestern University of Finance and Economics · Nanyang Technological University · +2
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  23. 2021
    Tuned Compositional Feature Replays for Efficient Stream LearningMorgan B. Talbot, Rushikesh Zawar, Rohil Badkundri … Gabriel KreimanTNNLS · Boston Children's Hospital · Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology · +6
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  24. 2023
    Gradient-Semantic Compensation for Incremental Semantic SegmentationWei Wei Cong, Yang Cong, Jiahua Dong … Henghui DingIEEE Trans. Multimedia · Shenyang Institute of Automation · Chinese Academy of Sciences · +3
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  25. 2023
    Multi-Modal Continual Test-Time Adaptation for 3D Semantic SegmentationHaozhi Cao, Yuecong Xu, Jianfei Yang … Lihua XieICCV · Nanyang Technological University · Agency for Science, Technology and Research · +1
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  26. 2023
    Label-Efficient Online Continual Object Detection in Streaming VideoJay Zhangjie Wu, David Junhao Zhang, Wynne Hsu … Mike Zheng ShouICCV · National University of Singapore · Agency for Science, Technology and Research · +1
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  27. 2023
    Learning to Learn: How to Continuously Teach Humans and MachinesParantak Singh, You Li, Ankur Sikarwar … Mengmi ZhangICCV · Agency for Science, Technology and Research · Nanyang Technological University · +5
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  28. 2023
    Spatial–Temporal Federated Learning for Lifelong Person Re-Identification on Distributed EdgesLei Zhang, Guanyu Gao, Huaizheng ZhangIEEE TCSVT · Nanjing University of Science and Technology · Nanyang Technological University
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  29. 2023
    Towards Adversarially Robust Continual LearningTao Bai, Chen Chen, Lingjuan Lyu … Bihan WenICASSP · Nanyang Technological University · Zhejiang University of Science and Technology · +2
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  30. 2022
    Progressive Continual Learning for Spoken Keyword SpottingYizheng Huang, Nana Hou, Nancy F. ChenICASSP · Agency for Science, Technology and Research · Institute for Infocomm Research · +1
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  31. 2022
    Unsupervised Continual Learning via Self-Adaptive Deep Clustering ApproachMahardhika Pratama, Andri Ashfahani, Edwin LughoferSpringer LNCS · University of South Australia · Nanyang Technological University
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  32. 2021
    AlterSGD: Finding Flat Minima for Continual Learning by Alternative TrainingZhongzhan Huang, Mingfu Liang, Senwei Liang, Wei HearXiv · Purdue University West Lafayette · Nanyang Technological University
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  33. 2021
    Few-Shot Incremental Learning with Continually Evolved ClassifiersChi Zhang, Nan Song, Guosheng Lin … Yinghui XuCVPR · Nanyang Technological University · Alibaba Group (Cayman Islands)
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  34. 2021
    Distilling Causal Effect of Data in Class-Incremental LearningXinting Hu, Kaihua Tang, Chunyan Miao … Hanwang ZhangCVPR · Nanyang Technological University · Alibaba Group (Cayman Islands)
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  35. 2020
    Learning to Segment the TailXinting Hu, Yi Jiang, Kaihua Tang … Hanwang ZhangCVPR · Nanyang Technological University · Alibaba Group (United States) · +1
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  36. 2020
    IROS 2019 Lifelong Robotic Vision: Object Recognition Challenge [Competitions]Heechul Bae, Eoin Brophy, Rosa H. M. Chan … Liguang ZhouIEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine · Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute · Dublin City University · +9
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  37. 2019
    Automatic Construction of Multi-layer Perceptron Network from Streaming ExamplesMahardhika Pratama, Choiru Za’in, Andri Ashfahani … Weiping DingCIKM · Nanyang Technological University · La Trobe University · +1
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  38. 2019
    An Incremental Construction of Deep Neuro Fuzzy System for Continual Learning of Nonstationary Data StreamsMahardhika Pratama, Witold Pedrycz, Geoffrey I. WebbIEEE Transactions · Nanyang Technological University · University of Alberta · +1
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  39. 2019
    A Reinforcement Learning Architecture That Transfers Knowledge Between Skills When Solving Multiple TasksPaolo Tommasino, Daniele Caligiore, Marco Mirolli, Gianluca BaldassarreIEEE TCDS · Nanyang Technological University · Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies
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  40. 2016
    A novel progressive multi-label classifier for class-incremental dataMihika Dave, Sahil Tapiawala, Meng Joo Er, Rajasekar VenkatesanIEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cyberne… · Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani · Nanyang Technological University
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About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. It lists only papers we have a reason to trust: published at a venue like NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, CVPR or TPAMI, or led by someone who has published there, or cited a few hundred times, and only papers with a PDF we can point you at, so every title opens the paper itself. Preprints that later get accepted, and authors who later publish at those venues, are picked up by the weekly run. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.